Rescued Spanish toll highways still lag pre‑crisis traffic levels two decades after inaugurationExecutive summary: Traffic on three rescued Spanish toll motorways (AP‑36, R‑4 and R‑2) remains below pre‑crisis volumes, while six other rescued highways reach record usage but fall short of expectations. The under‑performance raises questions about the financial returns of public‑private infrastructure rescue deals and may affect future concession strategies. Spanish Ministry of Transport, highway operators, and private concessionaires. Renegotiations of concession terms and policy reviews of PPP performance are expected in the coming months.Traffic on three rescued Spanish toll motorways remains below pre‑crisis volumes, while six others reach record usage but fall short of original forecasts. The disparity underscores limited economic returns of many public‑private rescue deals. No new policy measures have been announced yet.Connected developmentsCritical infrastructure attacks expose systemic riskOpen the full case file on Beyond →
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